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Party Competition, Business Organization and Democratization
| This paper explores the interaction between party competition and the evolution of employer association in the process of democratization. The leadership for peak employers’ association development came from business-oriented party activists and bureaucrats, who sought both to advance industrial development policy and to solve specific problems of political control. Business-oriented party leaders and bureaucrats in both pre-democratic and democratic regimes feared the rising tide of democracy and labor activism, and viewed employer organization as a useful tool for political control, to secure parliamentary advantage, and to serve as a societal counterweight to working class activism. The evolution of encompassing employers’ associations, in turn, had a feedback impact on the expansion of democratic institutions.
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