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American Indian Demography at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
| The American Indian population of the United States was under severe pressure at the turn of the twentieth century. The population declined to a nadir of less than 250,000 individuals in the 1890s and new federal assimilation policies implemented in the late nineteenth century (forced education, allotment of tribal land) put additional pressures on the population. This paper relies on new individual-level samples of the 1900 and 1910 censuses to examine Indian mortality and fertility at the turn of the twentieth century. We estimate infant and child mortality using indirect methods and age-specific fertility rates using own-child methods. Where possible, we relate differential mortality and fertility to federal assimilation policies.
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